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Classical Renin-Angiotensin System in Kidney Physiology
The renin-angiotensin system has powerful effects in control of the blood pressure and sodium homeostasis. These actions are coordinated through integrated actions in the kidney, cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. Along with its impact on blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system also influences a range of processes from inflammation and immune responses to longevity. Her…
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Management of blood pressure in heart failure
Hypertension is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure and most drugs that have demonstrated to improve prognosis in this population have the potential to reduce blood pressure. Nonetheless, the relationship between blood pressure and clinical outcomes and the relevance of blood pressure reduction in heart failure remains unclear.
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Premature Ventricular Contraction–Induced Cardiomyopathy
Premature ventricular contractions are of common occurrence in routine clinical practice. Though generally perceived as of benign consequence in healthy people in the absence of heart disease, their presence can be a harbinger of fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmia in individuals with structural heart disease. With some of the latest insights into the treatment of ventricular tachyarrhythmia, esp…
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Cardiac characteristics in the premature ventricular contraction patients wit…
Background/Aims: Frequent (sustained) premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) lead to ventricular tachycardia (VT), which triggers ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. The cardiac characteristics and risk prediction in frequent/sustained PVC patients with or without VT have been still in need of investigation. Methods: The data from patients with frequent PVCs via 24 h ambulator…
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Nephrotic syndrome in children
Nephrotic syndrome is an important chronic disease in children, characterized by minimal change disease in the majority. Research on pathogenesis has emphasized the importance of T lymphocyte dysregulation and vascular permeability factors that might alter podocyte function and permselectivity. While mutations in genes that encode important podocyte proteins have also been identified, a hypoth…
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Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome is a disorder of the kidneys that results from increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier. It is characterized by 4 major clinical characteristics that are used in establishing the diagnosis: proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. This article reviews nephrotic syndrome in the pediatric population, with special attention paid to minimal chan…
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Effects of candesartan and amlodipine on cardiovascular events in hypertensiv…
We examined the effects of candesartan and amlodipine on cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) using the data from the Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan (CASE-J) trial. CKD was defined as proteinuria and/or decreased GFR (o60 ml per min per 1.73m2) at enrollment. Among 2720 subjects with CKD, there were 1376 and 1344 patients…
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Efficacy and Tolerability of Combination Therapy Versus Monotherapy with Cand…
Intensive blood pressure (BP)lowering is important for the treatment of hypertension; however, it has been a challenge to achieve target BP in many patients. The purpose of this study was to explore the optimal dosage of a fixed-dose combination o candesartan cilexetil (CAN) and amlodipine besylate (AML),by examining the tolerability and efficacy of CAN/AML combination therapy compared with th…
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Evaluation of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Combination Therapy With Cande…
Blood pressure is reported to be insufficiently controlledin>50% of patients with hypertension. Guidelines for the management of hypertension recommend using drugs with different mechanisms of action when >1 agent is needed to achieve the blood pressure target. The combination of an angiotens inreceptor blocker and a calcium channel blockeris recommended asthe preferred antihypertensive medicat…
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The Relationships Between Dose and Antihypertensive Effect of Four AT1-recept…
The relationships between dose and antihypertensive effect of the first four available AT1-receptor blockers, i.e. losartan, valsartan, irbesartan and candesartan, were assessed based on data obtained from the FDA’s evaluation reports of the respective New Drug Application files. All available randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies in adult men and women with mil…
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