Since the emergence of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the end of 2019, there has been an explosion of vaccine development. By 24 September 2020, a staggering number of vaccines (more than 200) had started preclinical development, of which 43 had entered clinical trials, including some approaches that have not previously been licensed for human vaccines.
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused more than 1 million deaths in the first 6 months of the pandemic and huge economic and social upheaval internationally. An efficacious vaccine is essential to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Although some countries might deploy COVID-19 vaccines on the strength of safety and immunogenicity d…
Herpes zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a neurocutaneous disease caused by the reactivation of the virus that causes varicella (chickenpox). APer resolution of the varicella episode, the virus can remain latent in the sensitive dorsal ganglia of the spine. Years later, with declining immunity, the varicella zoster virus (VZV) can reactivate and cause herpes zoster, an extremely painful …
The burden of herpes zoster (HZ) is significant worldwide, with millions affected and the incidence rising. Current literature has identified some risk factors for this disease; however, there is yet to be a comprehensive study that pools all evidence to provide estimates of risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify various risk factors, excluding immunosuppressive medication, t…
Primary care providers and hospitalists frequently encounter older or immunocompromised patientswith herpes zoster accompanied by debilitating pain. Atypical presentations and zosteriform herpes simplex may present diagnostic challenges to clinicians. This article summarizes the background, evidence, and guidelines for the diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention of herpes zoster.
Plastic surgery is a rapidly evolving field that requires novel approaches in providing continuous and dynamic educational resources to address the increasing time and skill demands from residents. Online resources in their various forms, such as books, journals, simulators, and applications, are increasingly used by residents, notably over traditional print and in-person counterparts
In the United states 750,000 patients are diagnosed with severe sepsis every year with an average annual increase of 13.0%. Septic patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) have 100-300 fold increased mortality when compared to the general population. There has been a plethora of information about the use of fluid resuscitation in sepsis. However, there is sparse information about the use of…
Patients with end-stage renal disease on dialysis (ESRD-HD) have an increased risk of sepsis and sepsis-related mortality. Professional society and government guidelines recommend weight-based initial IV fluid resuscitation targets as part of sepsis care bundles; however, there are no specific recommendations for patients with sepsis and ESRD-HD. While higher volumes of administered fluids have…
The renal community is faced with an ever increasing number of patients reaching end-stage renal failure. Clinical studies have provided clear evidence that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and probably also AT1 receptor antagonists, at least in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, slow disease progression to end-stage renal failure.
Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is one of the most powerful maneuvers to slow progression of renal disease. Angiotensin II (AngII) has emerged in the past decade as a multifunctional cytokine that exhibits many nonhemodynamic properties, such as acting as a growth factor and profibrogenic cytokine, and even having proinflammatory properties. Many of these delete…