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What is clinical nutrition? Understanding the epistemological foundations of …
Although the therapeutic and economic efficacy of nutrition has been proven, optimal nutritional care is still scarce among hospital and ambulatory patients. Thus malnutrition is still highly prevalent. We identify as an underlying cause the absence of a common understanding of clinical nutrition as a discipline. The aim of this paper is to establish the epistemological foundations of clinical …
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Nutrition in the Management of Cirrhosis and its Neurological Complications
Malnutrition is acommonfeature of chronic liver diseases that is often associated with a poor prognosis including worsening of clinical outcome, neuropsychiatric complications as well as outcome following liver transplantation. Nutritional assessment in patients with cirrhosis is challenging owing to confounding factors related to liver failure. The objectives of nutritional intervention in cir…
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Clinical Nutrition Guidelines and Summaries for Patients
This document is about the development of clinical nutrition guidelines and the importance of summaries of these for patients as well as the need for patient involvement in the development processes, the importance of health literacy and informed decision-making concerning food and nutrition
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ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Q7 Vitamins
A systematic literature search was conducted on 27/Dec/2014 including papers published between 2004 and 2014. In total, 150 abstracts were reviewed and an additional individual search was performed by the authors for each vitamin chapter, including searching the reference lists of selected papers. Some references from the previously published guidelines were preserved, where appropriate.
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The Role of Vitamin E in Immunity
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that can protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the membrane from oxidation, regulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and modulate signal transduction. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin E have been observed in animal and human models under normal and disease conditions. With advances in und…
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B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy—A Review
The B-vitamins comprise a group of eight water soluble vitamins that perform essential, closely inter-related roles in cellular functioning, acting as co-enzymes in a vast array of catabolic and anabolic enzymatic reactions. Their collective effects are particularly prevalent to numerous aspects of brain function, including energy production, DNA/RNA synthesis/repair, genomic and non-genomic me…
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Water-soluble vitamins: research update
For more than 50 years, the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences has been reviewing nutrition research and defining nutrient requirements for healthy people, referred to as the recommended dietary allowances (RDA). As new nutrition research is published, the importance of vitamins as vital nutrients is underscored, and new physiologic roles and applications to human heal…
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ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Adult Renal Failure
Among patients with renal failure, those with ARF and critical illness represent by far the largest group unergoing artificial nutrition. ARF, especially in the ICU, seldom occurs as isolated organ failure but rather is a component of a much more complex metabolic environment, in the setting of the multiple organ failure. Nutritional programs for ARF patients must consider not only the metaboli…
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Vitamin C and Immune Function
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient for humans, with pleiotropic functions related to its ability to donate electrons. It is a potent antioxidant and a cofactor for a family of biosynthetic and gene regulatory enzymes. Vitamin C contributes to immune defense by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Vitamin C supports epithelial barrier function…
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Lyophilization/Freeze Drying - A Review
Freeze-drying is a method of removing water by sublimation of ice crystals from frozen material. Suitable parameters of process application allow us to obtain best quality products compared to products dried with traditional methods. In pharmaceutical field lyophilization has become important subject to ongoing development and its expansion. Lyophilization is common, but cost intensive and henc…
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