The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) was established in 2009 to fill the data void concerning invasive Salmonella disease in sub-Saharan Africa, and to specifically estimate the burden of bloodstream infections caused by the key pathogen, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. TSAP has achieved this ambitious target, finding high incidences of typhoid fever in both rural and u…
Demam tifoid adalah penyakit demam akut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Salmonella typhi. Penderita demam tifoid di Indonesia mencapai 81% per 100.000. Demam tifoid dapat diberikan terapi farmakologis maupun non farmakologis yang bertujuan untuk mempercepat penyembuhan, meminimalkan komplikasi sekaligus untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengerjaan literatur r…
Typhoid toxin is a unique A2B5 exotoxin and an important virulence factor for Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever. In the decade since its initial discovery, great strides have been made in deciphering the unusual biological program of this toxin, which is fundamentally different from related toxins in many ways. Purified typhoid toxin administered to laboratory animals causes many of …
Insidens demam tifoid di Indonesia cukup tinggi (>100 kasus per 100.000 populasi per tahun). Insidens pada anak usia 3-6 tahun adalah 1307 per 100.000 populasi per tahun, dan 1172 pada usia 7-19 tahun. Chloramphenicol sampai saat ini masih merupakan obat pilihan lini pertama untuk terapi demam tifoid pada anak. Antibiotik lain yang dipergunakan untuk terapi demam tifoid anak adalah cotrimoxazo…
Tifus abdominalis merupakan penyakit infeksi sistemik dengan tingkat kematian yang signifikan terjadi hampir sepanjang tahun. Penyakit ini masih merupakan permasalahan kesehatan umum yang terjadi di negara-negara berkembang, terutama pada anak-anak di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penggunaan antibiotika pada pasien anak penderita tifus abdominalis di instalasi rawat …
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole), was significantly reduced with the increased usage of fluoroquinolones and azithromycin. This has led to declining multidrug resistance rates in Indiawith increasing ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility rates and clinical failures due to azithromycin. However, for the …
Cefixime, the first oral third-generation cephalosporin available, is commonly used for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea. The drug has a number of characteristics that make it effective when administered once or twice daily: a half-life of 3 to 4 hours, activity against most common pathogens involved …
This double-blind randomized study compared 3-day regimens of cefixime (400 mg once daily) and ofloxacin (200 mg twice a day) in the treatment of urinary tract infections in women. The respective clinical cure rates for the two groups of women were 89 and 92% after 7 days and 81 and 84% after 4 weeks. The respective microbiological cure rates (free of bacteriuria) for the two groups of women we…
A multicentre, open-label, randomized study was performed in 501 out-patients with acute otitis media, aged 6–36 months, to study the impact of treatment with either cefixime suspension 8 mg/kg/day bd or co-amoxiclav suspension 80 mg/kg/day tds for 10 days on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Of 426 patients with nasopharyngeal cultures at entry …
Cefixime, previously designated FK027, FR17027 and CL284635, is an orally active cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity in vitro. It is particularly active against many Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Branhamella catarrhalis, and is resistant to hydrolysis by many beta-lactamases. Cefixime has little activit…