Lactic acidosis is a common finding in critically ill patients during severe sepsis/septic shock, and a powerful predictor of mortality. Because of the knowledge that lactate is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis, the presence of hyperlactatemia in sepsis has been taken to indicate the development of anaerobic glycolysis within tissues. Such anaerobic glycolysis is understood to result …
Hyponatremia is a common water balance disorder that often poses a diagnostic or therapeutic challenge. Therefore, guidelines were developed by professional organizations, one from within the United States (2013) and one from within Europe (2014). This review discusses the diagnosis and treatment of hyponatremia, comparing the two guidelines and highlighting recent developments.
Severe hyponatremia is a rare, but important, complication of thiazide diuretics. This often is associated with hypokalemia and other metabolic abnormalities, including hypophosphatemia and metabolic alkalosis.
A 26-year-old man was referred by his general practitioner due to new onset of peripheral edema with decreased urination. He reported that his urine was foamy but without gross hematuria. During the prior week, he had developed a rash. His medical history was unremarkable, except for attention deficit disorder, for which he used methylphenidate