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Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin and related antibiotics
The discovery of penicillin by Fleming led to tremendous benefits in clinical medicine. Penicillin quickly became one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world. Despite a wide therapeutic index, it soon became clear that the penicillins could produce a vast array of immunological responses that could cause severe and fatal allergic reactions in some patients
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Update on the Management of Antibiotic Allergy
Drug allergy to antibiotics may occur in the form of immediate or non-immediate (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions. Immediate reactions are usual-ly IgE-mediated whereas non-immediate hypersensitivity reactions are usually non-IgE or T-cell mediated. The clinical manifestations of antibiotic allergy may be cutaneous, organ-specific (e.g., blood dyscracias, hepatitis, interstitial nephritis), …
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Diagnosis and management of drug hypersensitivity reactions
The present article addresses the advances in the diagnosis and management of drug hypersensitivity reactions that were discussed in the 4th Drug Hypersensitivity Meeting held in Rome in April 2010. Such reactions can be classified as immediate or nonimmediate according to the time interval between the last drug administration and onset.
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Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis : A Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) occurs in about 5 per 1000 people and can lead to severe joint damage and disability. Significant progress has been made over the past 2 decades regarding understanding of disease pathophysiology, optimal outcome measures, and effective treatment strategies, including the recognition of the importance of diagnosing and treating RA early.
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Assessment of Quality of Life (QoL) in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients …
One hundred sixty-four SLE patients were recruited for this study. Demographic information; clinical parameters; disease activity, as evaluated by the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; and organ damage, as assessed by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index, were reported. Quality of life was assessed with a qualit…
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Cyclophosphamide versus methylprednisolone for treating neuropsychiatric invo…
Neuropsychiatric involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex and it is an important cause ofmorbidity andmortality. Management of nervous system manifestations of SLE remains unsatisfactory. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2000 and previously updated in 2006
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Immunopathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ failure. Cytokine storm refers to a set of clinical conditions caused by excessive immune reactions and has been recognized as a leading cause of severe COVID-19. While comparisons have been made between COVID-19 cytokine storm and other kinds of cy…
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Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination
There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, …
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Innate and Adaptive Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
This review considers critically the evidence for the involvement of mediators of innate and acquired immunity in various stages of atherosclerosis. Rapidly mobilized arms of innate immunity, including phagocytic leukocytes, complement, and proinflammatory cytokines, contribute to atherogenesis. In addition, adaptive immunity, with its T cells, antibodies, and immunoregulatory cytokines, pow…
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Adaptive immunity
The innate immune system provides critical mechanisms for the rapid sensing and elimination of pathogens. Adaptive immunity has evolved to provide a broader and more finely tuned repertoire of recognition for both self- and nonself-antigens. Adaptive immunity involves a tightly regulated interplay between antigen-presenting cells and T and B lymphocytes, which facilitate pathogen-specific immu…
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