This classic article meticulously detailed the spiral ganglion cell (SGC) populations in 100 patients with variable degrees of hearing loss and known diagnoses to assess the correlation with speech discrimination scores and to hypothesize upon the inherent ability to stimulate the remaining spiral ganglia successfully with cochlear implants
The family of interstitial lung diseases is characterized by cellular proliferation, interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, or a combination of such findings within the alveolar wall that is not due to infection or cancer.1 Interstitial fibrosis is the predominant phenotype in most cases. The majority of patients with interstitial fibrosis ultimately receive a diagnosis of chronic hypersensitivi…
Respiratory failure in patients admitted to critical care unit (CCU) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Patients can get into CCU because of respiratory failure secondary to pulmonary pathology like pneumonia; in many other patients respiratory failure is secondary to sepsis, cardiac failure or neurological disorders. Obviously, respiratory failure involves diverse pathology
The goal of this review is to provide update recommendations that can be used by emergency physicians who provide primary cares to patients with Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF), from the admission to an emergency department through the first 24 to 48 hours of hospitalization. This work wants to address the diagnosis and emergency medical care of ARF and the management of medical complications
The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for respiratory failure in adults is growing rapidly, driven in large part by advances in technology, which have made ECMO devices easier to implement and safer and more efficient. Accompanying this increase in use is a nearly exponential increase in ECMO-related literature. However, the great majority of the literature is composed of retro…
Nitric oxide (NO), identified over the last several decades in many physiological processes and pathways as both a beneficial and detrimental signaling molecule, has been the subject of extensive research. Physiologically, NO is transported by a class of donors known as S-nitrosothiols. Both endogenous and synthetic S-nitrosothiols have been reported to release NO during interactions with certa…
The purpose of the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC) is to describe a widely accepted level of care that all practitioners, public and private, should seek to achieve in managing patients who have, or are suspected of having, tuberculosis. The Standards are intended to facilitate the effective engagement of all care providers in delivering high-quality care for patients of al…
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) atau Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia merupakan infeksi oportunistik yang dapat terjadi pada pasien immunocompromised. Pada pasien dengan HIV, PCP merupakan infeksi oportunistik tersering terutama pada pasien dengan CD4 kurang dari 200 sel/ul. Diagnosis PCP sangat sulit dilakukan karena gejala, pemeriksaan darah, serta radiografi toraks tidaklah patognomonik…
Tuberculosis in childhood is clinically challenging, but it is a preventable and treatable disease. Risk factors depend on age and immunity status. The most common form of pediatric tuberculosis is pulmonary disease, which comprises more than half of the cases. Other forms make up the extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves infection of the lymph nodes, central nervous system, gastrointesti…
While the healthy lung efficiently exchanges respiratory gases, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia indicate pathophysiology and failure of the lung to provide adequate gas exchange. An understanding of how gases are transferred and the causes of inefficient gas exchange are central to caring for patients with lung diseases. In this article, we will review the normal and pathological mechanisms of ga…