There are many potential mechanisms of action for the intrauterine device (IUD), which vary by type of IUD (inert, copper, or hormonal). This paper reviews the evidence for each potential mechanism of action. On the basis of available data for fertilization rates and clinical pregnancy rates, the relative contribution of mechanisms acting before or after fertilization were quantitatively estima…
Three intrauterine devices (IUDs) are available in the United States: the copper T 380A and two levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs, one that releases 20 mcg of levonorgestrel per 24 hours, and one that releases 14 mcg per 24 hours. All are safe and effective methods of contraception that work predominantly by prefertilization mechanisms. The copper T 380A IUD may be placed in nonpregnant women at an…
There are at least 1.5 million transgendera individuals (0.5% by a household population based survey) in the United States.1 Although transgender individuals are often closeted, marginalized, and maligned there is growing social, political, and medical awareness. In June 2014, actress Laverne Cox became the first openly transgender person to be on the cover of Time Magazine
Prenatal exposures have known adverse effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Professional societies recommend routine screening for environmental, occupational, and dietary exposures to reduce exposures and their associated sequelae.
This meta-analysis shows that AA genotype in TNF-a G308A and TNF-a G238A and CT genotype in TNF-a C863T may increase HBV-HCC risk. Therefore, HBV infection seemed to be a more important factor for tumorigenesis of HCC than genetic predisposition in G308A of TNF-a, and interaction between TNF-a C863T polymorphisms and HBV infection might be associated with increased HCC risk
A great interest has been dedicated to the development of non invasive predictive models in recent years to substitute liver biopsy for fibrosis assessment and follow-up. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy between S-index and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) to FibroScan for predicting liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C patients
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a major health problem worldwide and is associated with significant long-term morbidity and mortality. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that is capable of integrating in the host nucleus permanently resulting in lifelong infection. To date, there is no definitive cure for HBV, as our current treatments cannot eradicate the viral reservoir that ha…
The APRI AUROC in patients aged
Liver biopsy is the recognized gold standard for liver fibrosis staging. The aspartate minotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) has been proposed as a noninvasive and readily available tool for the assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). This study aimed to validate, in a Mexican tertiary health care setting, the diagnostic usefulness of APRI in CHC, nonalcoholic fatty…
This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activation of low-molecular-weight peptides from monkfish (Lophius litulon) roe (named MRP) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice. Our results indicated that MRP (100 mg/kg/d BW) could significantly increase the body weight and immune organ index, and improve the morphological changes in the spleen and thymus of mice. These …