THERAPEUTIC CLASS

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Hepatocellular Cancer: Current Understanding on Mechanisms of Resistance and Biomarkers of Response to Treatment

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy worldwide and a leading cause
of death worldwide. Its incidence continues to increase in the US due to hepatitis C infection and nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis. Liver transplantation and resection remain the best therapeutic options for cure, but these are
limited by the shortage of available organs for transplantation, diagnosis at advanced stage, and underlying
chronic liver disease found in most patients with HCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been shown
to be an evolving novel treatment option in certain advanced solid tumors and have been recently approved for
inoperable, advanced, and metastatic HCC. Unfortunately, a large cohort of patients with HCC fail to respond
to immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the ICIs currently approved for HCC treatment and their various
mechanisms of action. We will highlight current understanding of mechanism of resistance and limitations to
ICIs. Finally, we will describe emerging biomarkers of response to ICIs and address future direction on over-
coming resistance to immune checkpoint therapy

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Language

English

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NONE

Content Type

Therapeutic Class

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Subject(s)

Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Immunotherapy

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