PRODUCT LITERATURE
Probiotics: mechanisms and established e!ects
The definition for probiotics has gradually changed with increasing understanding of the mechanisms by which they influence
human health. Health e!ects related to changes in the intestinal micro#ora also accompany or are related to adhesion and immune
system e!ects, competitive exclusion or metabolic and nutritional e!ects, with an increasing array of other potential modes of action.
Most clinically documented and validated health e!ects have been studied using either fermented milks containing viable cultures or
viable pure cultures. Specific targets for the future include controlled studies comparing foods containing viable strains to those
containing non-viable strains and to assess the combined e!ects of multiple probiotics. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
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