Pathogenesis of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. GC is a heterogeneous disease and the endpoint of a long multistep process largely influenced by Helicobacter pylori infection, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors. In a subset of GC cases, infection with the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) may also be involved. The d…

The Pathogenesis of Lupus Nephritis

Lupus nephritis is an immune complex GN that develops as a frequent complication of SLE. The pathogenesis of lupus nephritis involves a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. The extrarenal etiology of systemic lupus is based on multiple combinations of genetic variants that compromise those mechanisms normally assuring immune tolerance to nuclear autoantigens. This loss of tolerance becomes clinica…

Etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic ulcer (PU) is defect in the gastrointestinal mucosa usually located in the stomach and duodenum, but it can develop in any portion of the gastrointestinal tract that is exposed to acid and pepsin in sufficient concentration and duration. Histologically, ulcers are defined as necrotic mucosal defects that extend through the muscularis mucosa and into submucosa, whereas superficial necrot…

Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for peptic ulcer disease 2015

The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology (JSGE) revised the evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for peptic ulcer disease in 2014 and has created an English version. The revised guidelines consist of seven items: bleeding gastric and duodenal ulcers, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy, non-eradication therapy, drug-induced ulcer, non-H. pylori, non-nonsteroidal anti-inf…

Peptic ulcer disease

The rapidly declining prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and widespread use of potent anti-secretory drugs means peptic ulcer disease has become substantially less prevalent than it was two decades ago. Management has, however, become more challenging than ever because of the threat of increasing antimicrobial resistance worldwide and widespread use of complex anti-thrombotic therapy i…

Preeclampsia Induced Ocular Change

Preeclampsia/eclampsia, the most common medical complication of pregnancy, can affect visual system as an end organ damage. Visual symptoms occur in 25% of patients with severe preeclampsia and 50% of patients with eclampsia. Visual system may be affected by hypertensive retinopathy, exudative retinal detachment, and cortical blindness.

Peritoneal tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract and is the sixth most frequent site of extrapulmonary involvement. Both the incidence and severity of abdominal tuberculosis (AT) are expected to increase with increasing incidence of HIV infection. Peritoneal tuberculosis (PT), a form of AT, occurs in three forms: wet type with ascites, dry type with adhesions, and fibrotic …

Diagnosis and Management of Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome

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Clinical Application of Stem Cells in Liver Diseases: From Bench to Bedside

Advances in stem cell biology bring remarkable revolution to human disease study and therapy, including various liver diseases. The establishment of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), especially induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), makes it possible to obtain infinite hepatocytes derived from human source for cell therapy, disease modeling, and drug testing

Differences in Blood Pressure in Infants after General Anesthesia compared to…

The General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia (GAS) study is a prospective randomized, controlled, multi-site, trial designed to assess the influence of general anesthesia (GA) on neurodevelopment at five years of age. A secondary aim obtained from the blood pressure data of the GAS trial is to compare rates of intraoperative hypotension after anesthesia and to identify risk factors for …