Design of freeze-drying processes is often approached with a “trial and error” experimental plan or, worse yet, the protocol used in the first laboratory run is adopted without further attempts at optimization. Consequently, commercial freeze-drying processes are often neither robust nor efficient. It is our thesis that design of an “optimized” freeze-drying process is not particularly …
Gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that can progress to major complications. Affected patients have poorer health-related quality of life than the general population. As GERD requires continued therapy to prevent relapse and complications, most patients with erosive esophagitis require long-term acid suppressive treatment. Thus GERD results in a signifi …
Patients with impaired hepatic function usually require gastric acid suppressant therapy but are at increased risk for drug interactions and may require dosage adjustments. The proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole is rapidly absorbed and eliminated, primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 isozymes.
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed for the treatment of gastric acid-related disorders and the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. In addition, they are routinely prescribed for the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients receiving a dual antiplatelet therapy consisting of clopidogrel and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) after myocardial infarction or percutaneous cor…
The present network meta‑analysis aimed to enhance the corresponding evidence with respect to the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals treatments. Frequentist network meta‑analysis was used. Medical literature up to November 2022 was searched for randomized clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of these pharmaceuticals, either compared with each other or compared with placebo.…
Peptic ulcer (PU) is an abnormal phenomenon in which there is rupture of the mucosa of the digestive tract, which not only affects patients' normal life but also causes an economic burden due to its high medical costs
Ceftriaxone is a parenteral third-generation cephalosporin with a long elimination half-life which permits once-daily administration. It has good activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-susceptible staphylococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria spp. Although active against Enterobacteriaceae, the recent spread of derepressed mutants which hyperproduc…
To determine the safety of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients and systematically evaluate the categories and incidences of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of ceftriaxone in paediatric patients
Optimal antimicrobial drug exposure in the lung is required for successful treatment outcomes for nosocomial pneumonia. Little is known about the intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) of meropenem when administered by continuous infusion (CI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the PK of two dosages of meropenem (3 g vs 6 g/day by CI) in the plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) in crit…
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium that infects the airways of cystic fibrosis patients, surfaces of surgical and burn wounds, and indwelling medical devices. Patients are prone to secondary fungal infections, with Candida albicans being commonly co-isolated with P. aeruginosa. Both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans are able to form extensive biofilms on the surfaces of mucosa …