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Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to a Virus: An Integrated Learning Module
Medical schools must expand their teaching strategies to address a new generation of medical students and ensure their growth into lifelong, self-directed learners. Integration across basic science disciplines packaged together with clinical medicine produces learning materials that better enable medical students to achieve these goals
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Innate immunity
Recent years have witnessed an explosion of interest in the innate immune system. Questions about how the innate immune system senses infection and empowers a protective immune response are being answered at the molecular level. These basic science discoveries are being translated into a more complete understanding of the central role innate immunity plays in the pathogenesis of many human inf…
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Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement by the Amer…
Since the American Diabetes Association (ADA) published the Position Statement “Care of Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes” (1) in 2005, innovations have transformed the landscape and management of type 1 diabetes: novel autoantibodies, sophisticated devices for delivering insulin and measuring glucose, and diabetes registries. However, strategies to prevent or delay type 1 diab…
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Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetesd 2018
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards ofMedical Care in Diabetes” includes ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care.Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updatin…
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Insulin Therapy for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes
The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing world wide, especially in younger children. Unfortunately, there is little information on the incidence of type 1 diabetes or its management from India. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of strict glycemic control in the prevention and delay of chronic microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. This has lead to increasing efforts…
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Sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT)-2 inhibitors: do we need them for glucose…
Sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT)-2 inhibitors are the newest addition to our treatment armamentarium for the management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Glucose-lowering per se reduces the risk of microvascular complications, but not the risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and cardiovascular mortality. Also, even when embedded in optimal cardiovascular prevention, a …
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment
Due to inadequate defence mechanisms, cirrhotic patients with ascites have an increased susceptibility to infections, the most frequent and the most severe one being spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). SBP diagnosis is based on testing of the ascitic fluid obtained by paracentesis. A polymorphonuclear cell count of more than 250 cells/mm3 of ascitic fluid is considered diagnostic and from …
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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
A 38-year-old man with end-stage liver disease secondary to chronic hepatitis C infection, who had been evaluated and listed for a liver transplantation, presented with substantial ascites necessitating several abdominal paracenteses. He had a history of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, small bowel obstructions, and weight loss. In the 3 years he had been on the waiting list he had several…
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Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is probably the best-characterized infectious complication that develops in patients with cirrhosis and ascites [1, 2]. Since its first description in 1964, a large body of knowledge has accumulated regarding the clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of SBP, and the prognosis of patients who develop this infection [1–3].
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Antidiabetic effects of fermented soybean products on type 2 diabetes
Historically, the incidence of type 2 diabetes has been lower in Asian populations compared with those in Western countries. One possible reason for the lower incidence among Asians is that they consume fermented soybean products, which are unique to the traditional Asian diet. Some have hypothesized that dietary phytoestrogens and soy peptides in fermented soybean foods consumed in traditi…
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