Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy worldwide and a leading cause of death worldwide. Its incidence continues to increase in the US due to hepatitis C infection and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver transplantation and resection remain the best therapeutic options for cure, but these are limited by the shortage of available organs for transplantation,…
The majority of cancer-related deaths in the United States and worldwide are attributed to lung cancer. There are more than 90 million smokers in the United States who represent a signif- icant population at elevated risk for lung malignancy. In other epithelial tumors, it has been shown that if neoplastic lesions can be detected and treated at their intraepithelial stage, patient prognos…
Lung cancers exhibit multiple genetic lesions including mutations activating the dominant cellular proto-oncogenes as well as those inactivating the recessive or "tumor suppressor" genes. Candidate tumor suppressor genes include those on chromosomes 1p, 1q, 3p14, 3p21.3, 3p25 (VHL gene), 5q21 (APC/MCC gene cluster), 9p21-22 (interferon gene cluster), 11p, 13q (rb gene), 16p24, and 17p (p53 gene…
There is an ever increasing number of studies focusing on health inequalities, expanding also into areas such as life course analyses and regional inequalities. By describing these inequalities in much detail, they continuously add to our understanding of the underlying causes, such as exposures during childhood and obesogenic envir- onment.
Seventy-nine patients participated in the quantitative phase. The mean (standard deviation) age was 46.5 (14.5). Lower back (54; 68.3%) followed by lower limb were the most common pain sites. Compared with the general population and patients with long-term conditions, chronic pain patients had significantly lower mean QoL scores across all domains of SF-36 (All P < .05). Six themes emerged from…
The role of fever in COVID-19 has not been studied in large studies. In our review of the literature, only two studies have related the ambient temperature or fever to the outcomes of the COVID-19 patients. In a non-peer-reviewed observational study, the high ambient temperature was correlated with decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan and Hubei provinces; however, no data on …
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been considered an important publichealth issue in all countries. Experimental and clinical studies support the general idea that the pathophysiology of CKD is associated with the interaction of several endogenous mediators, in-cluding components of therenin-angiotensin system(RAS) and cytokines
Optimal management of post-operative wounds in the community is important to prevent potential complications such as surgical-site infections and wound dehiscence from developing. As such, general practitioners, who play an important part in the sub-acute management of post-operative wounds, should appreciate the physiology of wound healing and the principles of post-operative wound care
Treatment of infertility-related hormonal dysfunction in men requires an understanding of the hormonal basis of spermatogenesis. The best method for accurately determining male androgenization status remains elusive. Treatment of hormonal dysfunction can fall into two categories — empirical and targeted. Empirical therapy refers to experience-based treatment approaches in the absence of an id…
β-Thalassemia is caused by reduced (β+) or absent (β0) synthesis of the β-globin chains of hemoglobin. Three clinical and hematological conditions of increasing severity are recognized: the β-thalassemia carrier state, thalassemia intermedia, and thalassemia major, a severe transfusion-dependent anemia. The severity of disease expression is related mainly to the degree of α-globin chain e…