MANAJEMEN TERAPI DEMAM TIFOID: KAJIAN TERAPI FARMAKOLOGIS DAN NON FARMAKOLOGIS

Demam tifoid adalah penyakit demam akut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Salmonella typhi. Penderita demam tifoid di Indonesia mencapai 81% per 100.000. Demam tifoid dapat diberikan terapi farmakologis maupun non farmakologis yang bertujuan untuk mempercepat penyembuhan, meminimalkan komplikasi sekaligus untuk mencegah penyebaran penyakit. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengerjaan literatur r…

Emerging insights into the biology of typhoid toxin

Typhoid toxin is a unique A2B5 exotoxin and an important virulence factor for Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever. In the decade since its initial discovery, great strides have been made in deciphering the unusual biological program of this toxin, which is fundamentally different from related toxins in many ways. Purified typhoid toxin administered to laboratory animals causes many of …

Transition Metal Mediated Release of Nitric Oxide (NO) from S-Nitroso- N-acet…

Nitric oxide (NO), identified over the last several decades in many physiological processes and pathways as both a beneficial and detrimental signaling molecule, has been the subject of extensive research. Physiologically, NO is transported by a class of donors known as S-nitrosothiols. Both endogenous and synthetic S-nitrosothiols have been reported to release NO during interactions with certa…

International Standards For Tuberculosis Care :Diagnosis Treatment Public Health

The purpose of the International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC) is to describe a widely accepted level of care that all practitioners, public and private, should seek to achieve in managing patients who have, or are suspected of having, tuberculosis. The Standards are intended to facilitate the effective engagement of all care providers in delivering high-quality care for patients of al…

Protection of dexmedetomidine against ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptotic …

Dexmedetomidine, an agonist of alpha2-adrenergic receptors, is used for critically ill patients to induce and maintain sedation and analgesia. Brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) usually causes severe neuronal injuries to intensive care unit patients. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on I/R-induced insults to neuronal cells and the possible mechanisms. Treatment of n…

Acute Liver Failure

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Diagnosis dan Tata Laksana Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)/Pneumocystis …

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) atau Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia merupakan infeksi oportunistik yang dapat terjadi pada pasien immunocompromised. Pada pasien dengan HIV, PCP merupakan infeksi oportunistik tersering terutama pada pasien dengan CD4 kurang dari 200 sel/ul. Diagnosis PCP sangat sulit dilakukan karena gejala, pemeriksaan darah, serta radiografi toraks tidaklah patognomonik…

Diagnosis and Treatment of Perilymphatic Fistula

Perilymphatic fistula (PLF) is defined as an abnormal communication between the fluid perilymph)-filled space of the inner ear and the air-filled space of the middle ear and mastoid, or cranial spaces. PLF is located in the round or oval window, fractured bony labyrinth, icrofissures, anomalous footplate, and can occur after head trauma or barotrauma, chronic inflammation, or in otic capsule …

A review on uric acid in plants and microorganisms: Biological applications a…

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Serum IL-21 levels associated with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis B-relate…

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of interleukin (IL)-21 in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. IL-21 stimulates T and B cell responses and plays a role in the control of chronic viral infections. Serum IL-21 levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay in 109 patients with chronic HBV infection at various clinical stages, as well as in 19 healthy controls (HCs).