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LITERATURE

The colorectal cancer immune microenvironment and approach to immunotherapies


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world, with about 1.4 million cases diagnosed worldwide in 2012 [1]. The prognosis for CRC patients is largely dependent on the stage of the tumor at diagnosis. In the USA, the 5-year survival rates following surgical removal of tumors for localized (stage I), regional (stages II and III) and distant (stage IV) cases are 91.1,
71.7 and 13.3%, respectively [2]. Current options for standard treatment of CRC include surgical removal alone for stage I and for most of stage II CRCs and surgical removal followed by adjuvant 5-fluoruracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy for high-risk stage II and stage III CRCs. For metastatic stage IV disease, surgical removal of the primary CRC and/or metastatic lesions is followed by
therapy using a variety of chemotherapy and targeted treatments. Thus, the mortality rates for each stage, 8–13% (stage I/II), 11–47% (stage III) and approximately 89% (IV), represent the limitations of initial diagnoses and current treatments, indicating that more precise diagnostic measures and effective treatments are required.


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English
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NONE
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Future Oncol. (2017) 13(18), 1633–1647
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